Paracetamol: Uses, Dosage, Side Effects

Paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen in some countries) is one of the most widely used medicines across the globe. From relieving a simple headache to reducing fever, paracetamol has become a first-choice medication for millions. Despite its popularity, many people remain unaware of its correct dosage, potential risks, and the importance of safe use.

This detailed guide explores everything about paracetamol: its uses, recommended dosage, side effects, safety tips, and frequently asked questions, making it useful for both the general public and healthcare professionals.

What is Paracetamol?

Paracetamol is a non-opioid analgesic (pain reliever) and antipyretic (fever reducer). It works by blocking chemical messengers in the brain called prostaglandins, which are responsible for pain and fever.

Unlike many other painkillers such as NSAIDs (ibuprofen, aspirin), paracetamol does not cause stomach irritation or increase bleeding risk when used correctly. This makes it safer for most people, including children and elderly patients.

Uses of Paracetamol

Paracetamol is highly versatile and can be used in various conditions.

Pain Relief

Paracetamol is effective in treating mild to moderate pain, such as:

• Headache and migraine
• Toothache
• Muscle aches
• Menstrual cramps
• Joint pain (osteoarthritis)
• Backache

Fever Reduction

Paracetamol is the first-line treatment for reducing fever in children and adults. It helps lower body temperature without causing stomach upset, unlike some NSAIDs.

Post-Surgical and Post-Vaccination Pain

Doctors often recommend paracetamol after surgeries and vaccinations (especially in children) to reduce pain and fever.

Combination Therapy

Paracetamol is sometimes combined with other drugs:

• With caffeine (for tension headaches)
• With codeine or tramadol (for stronger pain relief)
• With antihistamines (for cold and flu remedies)

Dosage of Paracetamol

Correct dosage is crucial to prevent toxicity.

General Guidelines

• Adults: 500 mg to 1000 mg every 4–6 hours (not exceeding 4000 mg per day).
• Children (over 2 months): 10–15 mg per kg body weight every 4–6 hours (not exceeding 60 mg per kg per day).
• Infants: Always follow pediatrician advice; infant formulations (drops or syrup) are available.

Important Rules

• Do not exceed 4 grams (4000 mg) in 24 hours for adults.
• Avoid taking multiple medications containing paracetamol simultaneously.
• Maintain at least 4 hours gap between doses.

Special Populations

• Pregnant women: Generally safe in recommended doses, but should be taken only when necessary.
• Liver disease patients: Lower doses or complete avoidance may be required due to increased risk of liver damage.
• Alcohol users: Should be cautious as alcohol increases risk of liver injury.

Available Forms of Paracetamol

Paracetamol is available in several formulations:

• Tablets (500 mg, 650 mg, 1000 mg)
• Syrup/Suspension (for children)
• Drops (for infants)
• Effervescent tablets
• Suppositories (rectal use)
• Injectable forms (for hospital use)

Side Effects of Paracetamol

Paracetamol is considered safe when taken correctly. However, misuse or overdose can lead to serious health risks.

Common Side Effects (Rare)

• Nausea
• Stomach upset
• Rash or itching (mild allergic reaction)

Serious Side Effects (Overdose or Long-Term Use)

• Liver damage (most common and dangerous effect)
• Kidney problems
• Severe allergic reaction (swelling, difficulty breathing – rare)

Paracetamol Overdose

Overdose is one of the biggest risks associated with paracetamol.

How Overdose Happens

• Taking more than the recommended daily dose.
• Combining multiple medicines (cold, flu, pain relief) that contain paracetamol.
• Regular alcohol consumption plus paracetamol use.

Symptoms of Overdose

• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain (especially upper right side)
• Fatigue
• Yellowing of skin and eyes (jaundice)

Overdose can be life-threatening and may cause irreversible liver failure.

Safety Tips for Using Paracetamol

• Always read labels to check for hidden paracetamol in multi-ingredient medicines.
• Do not exceed the recommended daily limit.
• Use childproof containers to avoid accidental ingestion.
• For children, use a measuring spoon or syringe – not household spoons.
• Avoid alcohol when taking paracetamol.
• Consult a doctor if pain or fever persists for more than 3 days.

Paracetamol vs. Other Painkillers

When to Seek Medical Help

Consult a doctor immediately if you experience:

• Severe abdominal pain or yellowing of eyes/skin
• Allergic reaction (rash, swelling, difficulty breathing)
• No relief from pain or fever after 3 days of use
• Accidental overdose

Conclusion

Paracetamol has rightfully earned its place as one of the world’s most trusted medicines. Its effectiveness, affordability, and wide availability make it an essential drug in every household. However, safe use is the key. Understanding the correct dosage, potential side effects, and overdose risks ensures that paracetamol remains a friend and not a foe.

For healthcare professionals, paracetamol remains the first-line choice for mild pain and fever management. For the general public, it is a reliable medicine – but only when used responsibly.